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                  <text>Art of Devotion </text>
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                  <text>Christina Ball </text>
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                  <text>Religion in Late Antiquity was marked by religious pluralism. Although the Byzantine Empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, art sometimes called upon non-Christian forms, and visual culture of multiple faith traditions existed. For example, when images of Christ or the apostles were depicted, sometimes they were figured in the form of Greek or Roman gods, or accompanied with pagan-derived personifications of geographic locations or ideas such as Death. Religious ideas from Byzantium spread to and are evident in a wide range of geographies, like Kyivian Rus' or late medieval Italy. Byzantine art of devotion mostly comprises Christian themes from Orthodox Christianity. Therefore, religious themes are seen even in personal items not used in the Church. Some of these include capitals adorned by angels; six silver plates that tell the story of the Life of David and his slaying of Goliath; and a Bowl Base with Christ Giving Martyrs’ Crowns to Saints Peter and Paul. Additional objects, such as a Dedication Plaque to a Jewish Temple and a a figural sculpture of Dionysius, demonstrate different religious traditions of Late Antiquity. While the contexts of these works vary, all of them engage with religious iconography.</text>
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                <text>Six Silver Plates with Scenes from the Early Life of David</text>
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                <text>Scenes from the early life of David</text>
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                <text>A collection of six silver plates depicting the story of David and Goliath, utilizing scenes from the Old testament of the Bible. The plates were used for display in a noble person's house. Byzantine work, made in Constantinople, and found in Cyprus. Artist unknown. Gifted by J. Pierpont Morgan, 1971 and on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.</text>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>629-630 CE</text>
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                <text>Emily Feyrer</text>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464375&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464376&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464377&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464378&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464379&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464380</text>
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                <text>Cast and engraved silver</text>
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                <text>17.190.394-.399</text>
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                  <text>Liturgical Texts </text>
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                  <text>Isabel Coopersmith </text>
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                  <text>Liturgical books and texts are some of the most important objects from Byzantium, demonstrating some of the most important aspects of the liturgy. The liturgy refers to the services held by the church, which can include ordinary masses and the celebration of the Eucharist, Sacraments, and Baptisms. There are many customs that take place during these services, some of which include: blessing, singing, washing, kneeling, eating, and more. Services have many fixed aspects, but depending on the day or season, service leaders rely on these liturgical texts to help guide the service.&#13;
&#13;
Lectionaries, a general term for books containing readings from the Four Gospels for the liturgical services, can be traced back to the 7th century CE. There are three major types of liturgical books: the evangelion (lectionary) which contains Gospel lections; the prophetolgion which contains Old Testament lections; and the Apostolos which contains lections from the Book of Acts. These texts are crucial as their main purpose is to provide the readings of the church during mass.  &#13;
&#13;
Liturgical texts found in this gallery range from fragments of Psalters, to a Menologion (a church calendar), to entire lectionaries made for Hagia Sophia, and are all exceptional examples of the importance of liturgy for the Byzantine world. The Old Testament and the New Testament are all represented, and provide an idea of what a liturgical service during the Byzantine Empire looked like.  </text>
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                <text>Illuminated Psalter</text>
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                <text>Psalter</text>
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                <text>Psalters are an important part of Christian liturgical services and are some of the most popular texts of the Middle ages. Psalters contain the Psalms that would have been used in church services, but also within Orthodox communities contained the Magnificant of the Virgin, a hymn that is sung during prayers. Psalters also served as weapons against demons and evil beings. They also were used as a pedagogical tool for reading comprehension in the Byzantine world, as they were commonly-found texts in homes and monasteries alike. </text>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>Written and Illuminated ca. 1100 CE</text>
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                <text>Natalie Green</text>
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                <text>https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/474236</text>
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                <text>Ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum&#13;
20.7 x 14.9 x 5.1 cm, Single MS leaf:19.5 x 14.7 cm</text>
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                <text>2001.730</text>
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