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                  <text>Art of Devotion </text>
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                  <text>Christina Ball </text>
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                  <text>Religion in Late Antiquity was marked by religious pluralism. Although the Byzantine Empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, art sometimes called upon non-Christian forms, and visual culture of multiple faith traditions existed. For example, when images of Christ or the apostles were depicted, sometimes they were figured in the form of Greek or Roman gods, or accompanied with pagan-derived personifications of geographic locations or ideas such as Death. Religious ideas from Byzantium spread to and are evident in a wide range of geographies, like Kyivian Rus' or late medieval Italy. Byzantine art of devotion mostly comprises Christian themes from Orthodox Christianity. Therefore, religious themes are seen even in personal items not used in the Church. Some of these include capitals adorned by angels; six silver plates that tell the story of the Life of David and his slaying of Goliath; and a Bowl Base with Christ Giving Martyrs’ Crowns to Saints Peter and Paul. Additional objects, such as a Dedication Plaque to a Jewish Temple and a a figural sculpture of Dionysius, demonstrate different religious traditions of Late Antiquity. While the contexts of these works vary, all of them engage with religious iconography.</text>
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                <text>Bowl Base with Christ Giving Martyrs' Crowns to Saints Peter and Paul</text>
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                <text>Saints Peter and Paul; Christ</text>
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                <text>This glass bowl base is made with gold foil sandwiched between two fused layers of glass to create what is commonly known as a gold-glass medallion. This medallion illustrates saints Peter and Paul, notably beardless, sitting in the foreground, while Christ, who is also beardless, stands in the background crowning each apostle. The Latin inscriptions read: “joyful in Christ, worthy of friends” and “Peter, Paul”. These hint to the medallion’s Roman provenance. This medallion was likely created in celebration of the feast day of saints Peter and Paul, and museum records indicate that it was discovered in an unknown catacomb.</text>
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                <text>Rome</text>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>350 CE</text>
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                <text>Hannah Mackey</text>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/463547?od=on&amp;amp;ft=byzantine&amp;amp;offset=280&amp;amp;rpp=40&amp;amp;pos=315</text>
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                <text>Glass, gold leaf; 13.8 x 12.5 x 5 cm (overall); 9.5 x 0.3 cm (medallion only)</text>
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                <text>11.91.4</text>
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                  <text>Art of Devotion </text>
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                  <text>Religion in Late Antiquity was marked by religious pluralism. Although the Byzantine Empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, art sometimes called upon non-Christian forms, and visual culture of multiple faith traditions existed. For example, when images of Christ or the apostles were depicted, sometimes they were figured in the form of Greek or Roman gods, or accompanied with pagan-derived personifications of geographic locations or ideas such as Death. Religious ideas from Byzantium spread to and are evident in a wide range of geographies, like Kyivian Rus' or late medieval Italy. Byzantine art of devotion mostly comprises Christian themes from Orthodox Christianity. Therefore, religious themes are seen even in personal items not used in the Church. Some of these include capitals adorned by angels; six silver plates that tell the story of the Life of David and his slaying of Goliath; and a Bowl Base with Christ Giving Martyrs’ Crowns to Saints Peter and Paul. Additional objects, such as a Dedication Plaque to a Jewish Temple and a a figural sculpture of Dionysius, demonstrate different religious traditions of Late Antiquity. While the contexts of these works vary, all of them engage with religious iconography.</text>
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                <text>Capital with Bust of the Archangel Michael </text>
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                <text>This marble capital features the Archangel Michael holding a scepter and orb. The winged angel can be identified by inscription on the left side of the abacus (the upper portion of the capital). The sharp edges indicate it was probably found in the corner of a church interior. Michael is also dressed in the clothes of the Emperor, consisting of the divetesion (tunic) and himation (cloak) as well as raised details suggestive of the jewels and pearls of imperial dress. This was an effective way to associate the Emperor with important holy religious figures. Similar sculptures have been found in Constantinople dating around the twelfth or thirteenth century. </text>
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                <text>Eastern Mediterranean </text>
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                <text>Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>1250-1300 CE </text>
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                <text>Grace Luzcando</text>
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                <text>Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/466108</text>
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                <text>Marble, 25.4 x 17.1 x 10.6 cm </text>
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                <text>Greek</text>
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                <text>Capital Bust</text>
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                <text>1983.167</text>
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                <text>This hanging oil lamp chandelier was meant as an offering for a cure or remedy, possibly taken out only when a halt to sickness was needed. Originally it was not meant to be hung and was probably mounted on a stake or rod of some kind instead. When the hole was drilled to turn it into a hanging lamp, part of the Virgin’s face was destroyed. Along with the Virgin and child, other figures include Saints Peter, Paul, and Stephen. The two components of the branches connected to the hand and cross were not originally attached. Many alterations have been made over the years, for instance, one of the arms that holds the oil vessels is a modern replica. </text>
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                <text>Grace Luzcando</text>
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                <text>Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/471990</text>
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                <text>Dimensions: 35 x 41.3 cm  &#13;
&#13;
Medium: Copper alloy </text>
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                <text>1974.150</text>
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                <text>500–700 CE, restored in 20th century</text>
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                <text>Hand Holding a Cross, Virgin, Christ, Saint Peter, Paul,  Stephen</text>
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                  <text>Religion in Late Antiquity was marked by religious pluralism. Although the Byzantine Empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, art sometimes called upon non-Christian forms, and visual culture of multiple faith traditions existed. For example, when images of Christ or the apostles were depicted, sometimes they were figured in the form of Greek or Roman gods, or accompanied with pagan-derived personifications of geographic locations or ideas such as Death. Religious ideas from Byzantium spread to and are evident in a wide range of geographies, like Kyivian Rus' or late medieval Italy. Byzantine art of devotion mostly comprises Christian themes from Orthodox Christianity. Therefore, religious themes are seen even in personal items not used in the Church. Some of these include capitals adorned by angels; six silver plates that tell the story of the Life of David and his slaying of Goliath; and a Bowl Base with Christ Giving Martyrs’ Crowns to Saints Peter and Paul. Additional objects, such as a Dedication Plaque to a Jewish Temple and a a figural sculpture of Dionysius, demonstrate different religious traditions of Late Antiquity. While the contexts of these works vary, all of them engage with religious iconography.</text>
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                <text>Icon with the Crucifixion </text>
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                <text>This ivory scene of the Crucifixion has Jesus being crucified as the center piece. On his left is his mother Mary and on the right is Saint John the Evangelist. Under his feet are three soldiers casting lots for Christ’s cloak. Below the soldiers the Cross pierces Hades’ torso. Above, an elaborately delicately carved canopy frames the scene. The small size of this ivory suggests that it was used in the context of private devotion. </text>
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                <text>Constantinople </text>
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                <text>Metropolitan Museum of Art </text>
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                <text>Mid 10th Century </text>
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                <text>Christina Ball </text>
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                <text>Art of Devotion </text>
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                <text>Ivory (15.1 × 8.9 × 0.8 cm)</text>
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                <text>Icon </text>
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                <text> 17.190.44</text>
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                <text>https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464428</text>
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                <text>Inscription: &#13;
[θε]οῦ προνoίᾳ Ε̣[ὕρε=&#13;
το?]ς πρεσβύ(τερος) κὲ ἔποικος&#13;
μετὰ τῆς συβίου κὲ τέκν=&#13;
ων μου ἀνενέωσα τὸ&#13;
πρόναον τοῦ ἁγιάσ=&#13;
ματος ἐκ τῶν δωρε=&#13;
ῶν τοῦ θεοῦ.&#13;
וארטאס עשה&#13;
תפּלות שלום&#13;
Translation:&#13;
(Greek) Through the providence of God, I, E[uretu]s(?), Elder and Trustee, with my wife and children, renovated the forecourt of the temple with the gifts of god. (Hebrew) Euretus made house of prayer, peace.&#13;
&#13;
This marble plaque most likely served as a dedication to the patron who helped fund the renovation of synagogue forecourt.  The Greek inscription indicates who made the donation and the purpose for said donation.  The Hebrew text further praises him for helping to create a house of prayer.  Further, below the lines of text, we are presented with Judaic symbols that hold significance to multiple Jewish holidays.  This might indicate that the donation was made around the time of a Jewish holiday or as a gift to the temple for one of the holidays.  Regardless of its origin or meaning, this plaque serves as an important piece of work that gives insight to ancient Judaic culture of antiquity.&#13;
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>The Judy and Michael Steinhardt Collection</text>
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                <text>Austin Cooper</text>
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                <text>4th - 6th Century</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Austin Cooper</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="296">
                <text>The Judy and Michael Steinhardt Collection</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="297">
                <text>https://usepigraphy.brown.edu/projects/usep/inscription/NY.NY.MMA.GH.L.2000.74.2/</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>Marble ; 15.98cm 15.74cm x 0.96cm&#13;
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Greek and Hebrew</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Plaque</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>2000.74.2</text>
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                  <text>Art of Devotion </text>
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                  <text>Christina Ball </text>
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                  <text>Religion in Late Antiquity was marked by religious pluralism. Although the Byzantine Empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, art sometimes called upon non-Christian forms, and visual culture of multiple faith traditions existed. For example, when images of Christ or the apostles were depicted, sometimes they were figured in the form of Greek or Roman gods, or accompanied with pagan-derived personifications of geographic locations or ideas such as Death. Religious ideas from Byzantium spread to and are evident in a wide range of geographies, like Kyivian Rus' or late medieval Italy. Byzantine art of devotion mostly comprises Christian themes from Orthodox Christianity. Therefore, religious themes are seen even in personal items not used in the Church. Some of these include capitals adorned by angels; six silver plates that tell the story of the Life of David and his slaying of Goliath; and a Bowl Base with Christ Giving Martyrs’ Crowns to Saints Peter and Paul. Additional objects, such as a Dedication Plaque to a Jewish Temple and a a figural sculpture of Dionysius, demonstrate different religious traditions of Late Antiquity. While the contexts of these works vary, all of them engage with religious iconography.</text>
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                <text>Scenes from the early life of David</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>A collection of six silver plates depicting the story of David and Goliath, utilizing scenes from the Old testament of the Bible. The plates were used for display in a noble person's house. Byzantine work, made in Constantinople, and found in Cyprus. Artist unknown. Gifted by J. Pierpont Morgan, 1971 and on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Emily Feyrer</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464375&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464376&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464377&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464378&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464379&#13;
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464380</text>
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                <text>Cast and engraved silver</text>
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                <text>17.190.394-.399</text>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art </text>
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                <text>The Metropolitan Museum of Art </text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="69">
                <text>Gilded silver, gold, enamel worked in cloisonné, and niello&#13;
Overall (with lid): 1 1/16 x 4 1/16 x 2 13/16 in. (2.7 x 10.3 x 7.1 cm)&#13;
lid only: 2 13/16 x 3 7/8 x 1/8 in. (7.1 x 9.8 x 0.3 cm)&#13;
vessel only: 7/8 x 2 15/16 x 4 in. (2.2 x 7.5 x 10.1 cm)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="70">
                <text>17.190.715a, b</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84">
                <text>Staurotheke</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="226">
                <text>Asher Riley</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
