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                  <text>These academic and educational works are texts that relate to the understanding and teaching of scientific knowledge. This includes subjects such as medicine, timekeeping, and healing. Many of these texts are books, while others are tablets or single manuscript leaves. Some of these works had the purpose of instructing and directing others on how to perform medicine and provide healing, while others are detailed calendars. The recording of text in the Byzantine era was very different from the current understanding of writing. Each of these pieces took a great deal of time, effort, and craftsmanship. </text>
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                <text>A compilatory manuscript filled with diagrams and notes on astrology and a few different calendars. There are multiple contributors to this collection spanning from the 7th to 15th century. It is written in Armenian Bolorgir script which contains both majuscule and minuscule lettering, that is, capital and lowercase letters. The cover is made of calf and is lined in a patterned fabric.</text>
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                <text>Anania Shirakatsʻi (685), Hovhannēs Vardapet (ca. 1045-1129), Grigor Skewṛatsʻi (12th c.) Hakob Ghrimetsʻi (14th c.) </text>
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                <text>LJS 443, Kislak Center, University of Pennsylvania Libraries</text>
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                  <text>These academic and educational works are texts that relate to the understanding and teaching of scientific knowledge. This includes subjects such as medicine, timekeeping, and healing. Many of these texts are books, while others are tablets or single manuscript leaves. Some of these works had the purpose of instructing and directing others on how to perform medicine and provide healing, while others are detailed calendars. The recording of text in the Byzantine era was very different from the current understanding of writing. Each of these pieces took a great deal of time, effort, and craftsmanship. </text>
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                <text>This 15th-century illuminated manuscript is very similar to Dioscorides of Anazarbus’ Late Antique pharmacology manuscript De Materia Medica, which became the standard manual on plants and their medicinal properties. The Herbal in the Tradition of Dioscorides is made up of 679 chapters, a prologue, table of contents, and 20 pages worth of illustrations, including images of 71 different plants. Each chapter covers a different plant along with their medicinal uses written in black ink. There are marginal notes by users, and evidence of binding restoration showing the usage and importance of this manuscript in the early modern world. &#13;
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                <text>Isabel Coopersmith </text>
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                <text>https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9948546323503681</text>
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                <text> Ink and wash on paper ; 26.1 x 19 cm bound 26.8 x 20.2 cm&#13;
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                  <text>These academic and educational works are texts that relate to the understanding and teaching of scientific knowledge. This includes subjects such as medicine, timekeeping, and healing. Many of these texts are books, while others are tablets or single manuscript leaves. Some of these works had the purpose of instructing and directing others on how to perform medicine and provide healing, while others are detailed calendars. The recording of text in the Byzantine era was very different from the current understanding of writing. Each of these pieces took a great deal of time, effort, and craftsmanship. </text>
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                <text>Pros mathēmatikous (Against The Professors)</text>
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                <text>The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Russia, Isidore of Kiev, copied the second century Pros mathēmatikous (Against the Professors) originally written by the Pyrrhonist and Empiric philosopher Sextus Empiricus. The manuscript critiques learning at the time and all of its standard curriculum such as rhetoric, geometry, music, physics, logic, and ethics, etc.. Pros mathēmatikous is written in a Greek minuscule script and has a twenty-seven long lined layout upon 269 folios. In its critique of standardized  knowledge acquisition. This manuscript embodies Sextus Empiricus' Pyrrhonian skepticism and suspension of judgment surrounding the degree of whether anything is truly knowable. &#13;
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                  <text>Grace Luzcando</text>
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                <text>Manuscript of Paulus Aegineta Medical Compendium in Seven Books </text>
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                <text>This is a single leaf of a paper manuscript from a 15th-century copy of surgeon Paulus Aegineta’s Medical Compendium in Seven Books, a medical text that compiled what was written about Medicine at the time. Born in 625 AD, Paulus Aegineta was considered the father of early medical writing and the last great Byzantine physician. Here he copies a passage from Synopsis ad Eustathium by a predecessor Oribasius. At one point parchment made of animal skin was often used for manuscripts, but as many animals needed to be killed this was expensive. The transition to cheaper and more accessible allowed for more copies to be made of works like these that preserve these medical texts. </text>
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                <text>Eastern Mediterranean </text>
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                <text>Grace Luzcando</text>
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                <text>Kislak Center for Special Collections; Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania Libraries.</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>330 x 230 mm , paper</text>
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                <text>Greek</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>Manuscript leaf</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>Misc Mss Box 14 Folder 22 Miscellaneous manuscripts</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Academic Texts</text>
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                  <text>These academic and educational works are texts that relate to the understanding and teaching of scientific knowledge. This includes subjects such as medicine, timekeeping, and healing. Many of these texts are books, while others are tablets or single manuscript leaves. Some of these works had the purpose of instructing and directing others on how to perform medicine and provide healing, while others are detailed calendars. The recording of text in the Byzantine era was very different from the current understanding of writing. Each of these pieces took a great deal of time, effort, and craftsmanship. </text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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                  <text>Grace Luzcando</text>
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                <text>Mathematical Tables</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The mathematical tables pictured here are most likely from a Christian community and school in Fayyum, Egypt during the 6th or 7th century. The numbers are written in Greek, demonstrating that a student was practicing his or her division tables. The material is a board of wood that has been covered by a coat of gesso. The numbers are written in five columns horizontally across the board, and there are holes made in the top of the board which signal that this would have been put together with other pieces of wood as an early type of notebook. </text>
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                <text>Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania Libraries</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>500-699 CE</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Kislak Center, Penn Libraries</text>
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                <text>https://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0001/html/ljs228.html</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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                <text>1 board fragment : 95 x 390 mm</text>
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                <text>Greek</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>wooden board </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>Oversize LJS 228</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Asher Riley</text>
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